references for coursework

Research:

Primary:

(1) Roberto Cavalli ad campaign spring/summer 2012- http://parfums.robertocavalli.com/index_perfume.plp#advertising 



(2) Fairy Liquid advert -  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REPyBbOaZFk





Secondary:



(3) - 75% of all adverts using females were for products used in the bathroom or kitchen, 56% of women in adverts were shown as domestic housewives and only eighteen different occupations were shown for women, in comparison to forty-three for men.
- The sex object, according to Kilbourne, is a "mannequin" whose only attribute is conventional beauty. She is tall and thin, with very long legs, perfect teeth and hair, and skin without a blemish in sight. Underneath the surface, there is nothing. The mannequin's beauty is merely superficial. She is used to advertise cosmetics, health products and anything that works to improve the appearance of the body.

http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/hzi9401.html 

(4)  - Women are shown almost exclusively as housewives or sex objects.

 - The housewife, pathologically obsessed by cleanliness, debates the virtues of cleaning products with herself and worries about "ring around the collar" (but no one ever asks why he doesn't wash his neck). She feels guilt for not being more beautiful, for not being a better wife and mother. The sex object is a mannequin, a shell. Conventional beauty is her only attribute. She has no lines or wrinkles (which would indicate she had the bad taste and poor judgment to grow older), no scars or blemishes--indeed, she has no pores. She is thin, generally tall and long-legged, and, above all, she is young. All "beautiful" women in advertisements (including minority women), regardless of product or audience, conform to this norm. Women are constantly exhorted to emulate this ideal, to feel ashamed and guilty if they fail, and to feel that their desirability and lovability are contingent upon physical perfection.

http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/beautyand-beast-advertising 

(5) For men - Women are often used in advertisements to imply a sexual relationship between the man who uses the product and the woman in the advertisement
For women - Sexual women are used in advertisements to imply that the product will increase the users appeal to men. 
http://www.slideshare.net/deepakverma/depicting-women-in-advertising 

(6) Females are not represent in the Media for doing something, they are represented for how they look 
http://keca2media.blogspot.co.uk/search?updated-max=2013-11-07T08:25:00-08:00&max-results=7 


(7) Women’s representation in popular culture facilitates the stereotype of the simple-minded, emotional, and domesticated female
http://carlislehistory.dickinson.edu/?page_id=215

(8) -"From the images inflicted upon us in the patriarchal mass media that surrounds us, it is assumed that we have been encouraged to mould ourselves into a set ideal. For a woman, that means having beauty, elegance, passivity and good domestic ability" 
- 'one of the reasons why television is resistant to the messages of feminism... is that the sponsors view those messages as conflicting with woman's desire to consume.'
-   Women have always been very beauty conscious and insecure about their appearances and advertisers have exploited this by bombarding them with ways in which to ‘improve themselves’.
http://www.aber.ac.uk/~mcswww/Students/del0001.html

(9)  many people suffer from inner conflicts as a result of failure to achieve the body of a top athlete or fashion model. - http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=6396

(10) "Women are projections of males narcissistic fantasies" - http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nmtG3KRr4aUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=laura+mulvey&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LHKwUtaZO5GThQel9oDIBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=laura%20mulvey&f=false

(11) "Females are praised for their appearance or physical beauty." - http://www.seejane.org/downloads/GDIGM_Gender_Stereotypes.pdf 

(12) "Gender stereotypes persist throughout childhood, with parents choosing, and rewarding, certain stereotypical activities for their children, from playing with dolls for girls to sports activities for boys." - http://www.svri.org/Modefyinggender.pdf 

(13) "Just 2.04 million women are "looking after family or home", a fall of almost 1 million since records began 20 years ago." - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/10241815/Number-of-stay-at-home-mothers-falls-to-new-record-low.html

(14) "Men and women often have difficulty relating in the workplace because men instinctually want to exert physical dominance over women." - http://malamg01.hubpages.com/hub/SexWar